Host defense peptides clavanins A and MO reduce in vitro osteoclastogenesis

Aim: Several systemic diseases, such as periodontitis and apical periodontitis, can cause extensive bone resorption. Host defense peptides may have the potential for the development of novel therapies for the bone resorption process. This study evaluated the potential of host defense peptides clavanins A, MO, and LL-37 in in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Methods: RAW 264.7 cultures were stimulated with recombinant of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in the presence of different tested concentrations of host defense peptides, besides calcium hydroxide and doxycycline. Cellular viability, nitric oxide production, and a number of differentiated osteoclast-like cells were also evaluated. Results: Results showed that none of the substances were cytotoxic, except for 128 µg.mL-1 of doxycycline after 3 days. Host defense peptides, calcium hydroxide, and doxycycline did not interfere in nitric oxide production or downregulated it. An exception was observed in the presence of 2 µg.mL-1 of doxycycline, in which nitric oxide production was up-regulated. All host defense peptides were capable of reducing osteoclast-like cell differentiation. Conclusion: Host defense peptides clavanins A and MO demonstrated to be potential suppressors of osteoclastogenesis in vitro without interfering in cellular viability and nitric oxide production. These promising results need to be further analyzed in in vivo models of bone resorption

Systemic conditions of diabetic patients diagnosed with apical periodontitis / Condições sistêmicas de pacientes diabéticos diagnosticados com periodontite apical

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between glycemic control status in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and apical periodontitis. Methods: Twenty-seven patients were involved in this study. The survey was based on anamnesis, intra and extra oral examination and radiographic evaluation. Diabetes mellitus information involved type of diabetes and blood glucose analysis. Patients were divided according to their metabolic control status (glycemic controlled and poorly controlled T2DM patients). Results: A higher fasting blood glucose level (p = 0.004) and a higher percentage of HbA1c (p = 0.0001) were demonstrated in poorly controlled T2DM patients when compared to glycemic controlled T2DM. However, the frequency of apical periodontitis and the elapsed time since diabetes mellitus diagnosis were higher in controlled T2DM patients, reaching 64%. Nevertheless, controlled T2DM patients presented a higher number of apical periodontitis cases (p < 0.05). Findings support that controlled patients T2DM presented higher presence of apical periodontitis than poorly controlled T2DM ones. In these patients, the time elapsed since the diagnosis was higher, which may have provided a longer period of oscillation and/or uncontrolled metabolism. Conclusions: Therefore, it might contribute to the development and maintenance of apical periodontitis in glycemic controlled patients of this study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar a associação entre o estado de controle glicêmico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) e a periodontite apical. Métodos: Vinte e sete pacientes foram envolvidos neste estudo. A pesquisa baseou-se na anamnese, exame intra e extraoral e avaliação radiográfica. As informações sobre o diabetes mellitus envolveram o tipo de diabetes e a análise da glicose sanguínea. Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com seu estado de controle metabólico (pacientes com DM2 com controle glicêmico e pacientes com DM2 mal controlados). Resultados: Um maior nível de glicose em jejum (p = 0,004) e uma maior porcentagem de HbA1c (p = 0,0001) foram demonstrados em pacientes com DM2 mal controlada quando comparados com DM2 com controle glicêmico. Porém, a frequência de periodontite apical e o tempo decorrido desde o diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus foram maiores nos pacientes com DM2 controlado, chegando a 64%. No entanto, os pacientes com DM2 controlada apresentaram um maior número de casos de periodontite apical (p < 0,05). Os achados suportam que pacientes controlados com DM2 apresentam maior presença de periodontite apical do que pacientes com DM2 mal controlada. Nesses pacientes, o tempo decorrido desde o diagnóstico foi maior, o que pode ter proporcionado um período maior de oscilação e/ou metabolismo descontrolado. Conclusão: Portanto, pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento e manutenção da periodontite apical nos pacientes com controle glicêmico deste estudo.

Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureusstimulate nitric oxide production in macrophages and fibroblasts in vitro

Aim: Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator related to damage of the pulp tissue and at the same time to regenerative pulp processes. However, it is not clear how common endodontic microorganisms can regulate this mediator. This study aimed to investigate NO production by macrophages and fibroblasts against Enterococcus faecalis- and Staphylococcus aureus-antigens. Methods: RAW 264.7 macrophages and L929 fibroblast cell lines were stimulated with different heat-killed (HK) antigen concentrations (105-108 colony forming units - CFU) from E. faecalis and S. aureus with or without interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Cell viability by MTT colorimetric assay and NO production from the culture supernatants were evaluated after 72 h. Results: Data here reported demonstrated that none of the antigen concentrations decreased cell viability in macrophages and fibroblasts. The presence of HK-S. aureus and HK-E. faecalis antigen- stimulated NO production with or without IFN-γ on RAW 264.7. The HK-S. aureus antigen stimulated NO production in L929 fibroblasts with or without IFN-γ, and the highest concentration of HK-E. faecalis with IFN-γ also stimulated NO production by these cells. Conclusion: The amount of NO produced by macrophages and fibroblasts may be involved in the concentration and type of prevalent endodontic microorganisms, generating new answers for the understanding of pulpal revascularization/regeneration processes

Efeito remineralizador da caseína fosfato de cálcio fosfopeptídeo amorfo em dentes decíduos e permanentes in vivo / Remineralizing effect of casein fosfopeptideo amorphous calcium phosphate in primary and permanent teeth in vivo

O presente estudo in vivo avaliou o efeito remineralizador da caseína fosfato de cálcio fosfopeptídeo amorfo (CPP-ACP) tooth mousse em lesões de mancha branca em dentes decíduos e permanentes. Dezoito crianças de 4 a 8 anos apresentaram 81 lesões de mancha branca, as quais foram divididas de maneira randômica. Estas foram tratadas com verniz de flúor 2,26% (controle) e CPP-ACP mousse (teste), duas vezes por semana, durante seis e quatro semanas, respectivamente. Um examinador cego avaliou as lesões de mancha branca no período inicial (T0) e após 3 (T1) e 12 (T2) semanas de tratamento. Os dados de índice de placa visível, índice de sangramento gengival, índice ICDAS foram coletados. Em adição, foram realizadas tomadas fotográficas das lesões em todos os períodos analisados. Os dados foram analisados por testes qui-quadrado e t de Student. Resultados não demonstraram diferença entre os grupos controle e teste durante os períodos, a partir do índice ICDAS (p>0,05). No entanto, a partir do mesmo índice, o grupo teste demonstrou diferença significante entre os períodos analisados (p<0,05). A área das manchas brancas, em pixels, dos grupos controle e teste não demonstrou diferença estatística de cada grupo, em qualquer dos períodos analisados (p>0,05). Dessa forma, concluiu- se que a terapia de remineralização de lesões de manchas brancas foi efetiva em ambos os grupos. No entanto, devido ao número amostral reduzido e o curto período de análise do presente estudo, são necessários maiores esclarecimentos em relação a este efeito.

This in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the remineralization effects of CPP-ACP Tooth Mousse on white-spot lesion in primary and permanent teeth. Eighteen children (age from 4-8) exhibiting 81 white-spot lesions sites were randomly divided into two different treatments protocols: test group received applications of the remineralizing mousse twice a week for six weeks; control group received applications of a 2.26% fluoridated coating once a week for four weeks. A blind examiner evaluated the children at baseline, 3 and 12 weeks after the first visit, recorded visible plaque, gingival bleeding, ICDAS index and photographed the lesions. Data was analyzed with chi-square and Student t-test. According to ICDAS index, the control group was not statistically different from the treated group (p>0.05), in each time. However, results from treated group demonstrated that ICDAS index was statistically different from times (p<0.05). The area of the white spots (in pixels) of samples from control and treated groups were not statistically different from each group in any time (p>0.05). It was concluded that the remineralizing therapy of white spot lesions was efficient in the two groups. Nevertheless, due to the small sample size and the brief time for conducting the study, new research is necessary to increase the findings.